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Weekly Summary – May 5, 2025

· 3 min read
William Wolff
Architect

This week, the team focused on simulation analysis, security improvements, and protocol documentation, making significant progress across multiple areas.

Simulation analysis and performance

The team executed the first high-throughput simulations of Leios using the Rust simulator, with transaction rates reaching up to 1,000 TPS. They introduced two key efficiency metrics to quantify system performance:

  • Temporal efficiency, which measures the fraction of submitted transactions that make it into the ledger, with nearly 100% indicating optimal transaction inclusion
  • Spatial efficiency, which represents the ratio of transaction size to total ledger size (including IBs, EBs, and RBs), with higher values indicating better storage optimization.

Recent revisions to Full Short Leios have shown promising improvements in both efficiency metrics. The simulations revealed an average transaction lifecycle of approximately 100 seconds from submission to ledger inclusion.

The analysis produced several key visualizations that demonstrate the system's performance:

Temporal efficiency bar chart

Figure 1: Temporal efficiency comparison across different transaction rates

Temporal efficiency time series

Figure 2: Temporal efficiency trends over time

Spatial efficiency analysis

Figure 3: Spatial efficiency analysis showing ledger optimization

Transaction lifecycle visualization

Figure 4: Transaction lifecycle from submission to ledger inclusion

Protocol documentation and analysis

The team conducted an extensive analysis of transaction throughput and block characteristics, producing several key visualizations:

Transaction throughput analysis

Figure 5: Transaction throughput as a function of block size and rate

Comparative transaction lifecycle

Figure 6: Comparative transaction lifecycle between Praos and Leios

The team also completed a comprehensive profitability analysis for Leios SPOs, considering various deployment scenarios:

  • Evaluated infrastructure costs across premium and value cloud providers
  • Demonstrated profitability without reserve contributions at 50+ TPS
  • Documented the impact of diminishing future rewards due to reserve depletion
  • Analyzed comparative economics between Praos and Leios SPOs.

Profitability forecast visualization

Figure 7: Profitability forecast for Leios SPOs without reserve contributions

Security and infrastructure improvements

The team addressed several security vulnerabilities in web applications through a series of patches:

  • Fixed minor and moderate security issues in #321, #322, #323, and #325 pull requests.

Protocol enhancements

Recent protocol improvements include:

  • Implementation of revisions to Full Short Leios design to enhance both temporal and spatial efficiency
  • Optimization of protocol parameters for improved transaction processing
  • Development of a new sharding strategy in Rust simulation
  • Enhanced logging system for tracking spatial efficiency metrics.

For more detailed information about the simulations and analysis, please refer to the analysis documentation and the profitability analysis notebook.

Weekly Summary – April 21, 2025

· 2 min read
William Wolff
Architect

This week, the Leios team made significant progress in protocol development, focusing on simulation improvements, network protocol design, and economic analysis. The team completed extensive simulations across 648 scenarios, implemented new mini-protocols for Leios diffusion, and conducted important economic analysis regarding future reward sustainability.

Simulation and analysis

  • Completed comprehensive simulation of 648 scenarios for Full and Short Leios at tag leios-2025w16
  • Generated new analysis outputs:
    • Network, disk, and CPU resource usage summaries
    • Interactive "Leios graph" visualization showing transaction, IB, EB, RB, and vote linkages
  • Key findings from simulations:
    • Strong agreement between Rust and Haskell implementations
    • Haskell simulation shows network congestion at 16 IB/s
    • Rust simulation demonstrates higher CPU usage at elevated IB rates
    • Identified voting certification issues in Rust implementation.

Protocol development

Haskell implementation

  • Completed first draft of new mini-protocols for Leios diffusion:
    • IB-relay, EB-relay, Vote-relay for header diffusion
    • IB-fetch, EB-fetch for body diffusion
    • CatchUp protocol for historical blocks
  • Renamed short-leios command to leios to reflect full variant support.

Rust implementation

  • Fixed conformance with shared trace format
  • Resolved voting logic bug affecting EB certification
  • Updated visualization system for documentation site integration.

Economic analysis

The team conducted a detailed analysis of transaction lifecycle and future reward sustainability:

  • Analyzed seven stages of Full Leios transaction processing
  • Identified optimal stage lengths and shard configurations
  • Estimated two-minute average delay from transaction submission to RB reference
  • Projected future IB rates needed to maintain current reward levels:
    • Current Reserve depletion rate: 12.8% per year
    • Required IB rates increase from 0.008 to 0.634 blocks/slot by 2035
    • Analysis assumes constant fee-related protocol parameters.

Next steps

  • Translate transaction lifecycle model to Delta QSD for network effects analysis
  • Compare model results with Rust simulator output
  • Develop memory-pool and ledger variant models
  • Continue investigation of voting certification issues in Rust implementation.