Resources

This page provides a collection of resources on Ouroboros Leios, including technical papers, presentations, and videos.

Technical documentation

CIP-164: Ouroboros Leios - Greater transaction throughput - Cardano Improvement Proposal (CIP) about the concrete Leios protocol changes to Cardano.
CPS-18: Greater Transaction throughput - Cardano Problem Statement (CPS) summarizing why more throughput is needed on Cardano.
High-Throughput Blockchain Consensus under Realistic Network Assumptions (August 2025, Crypto '25) — Sandro Coretti, Matthias Fitzi, Aggelos Kiayias, Giorgos Panagiotakos, and Alexander Russell. - Research paper on which the Leios consensus upgrade for Cardano is based on.

Monthly review videos – Latest information and news on Leios R&D and development progress.
Scaling Cardano with Leios – Professor Aggelos Kiayias, IO's chief scientist, explains Leios in the context of scaling Cardano
Understanding Leios – Giorgos Panagiotakos, one of the paper's co-authors, provides a detailed explanation of the Leios protocol
Leios overview slides – the presentation by Sandro Coretti-Drayton providing insights into Leios.

Leios Scorecard Comparison – How does Cardano’s Ouroboros Leios stack up against Solana, Ethereum, and Bitcoin? This scorecard compares throughput, fees, decentralization, and more.
Leios Use Cases – Discover how Ouroboros Leios, Cardano’s next-gen protocol, could enable unique use cases like global microtransactions, supply chain tracking, and more, outshining other blockchains.
Leios Node Cost Analysis – During the April 2025 status meeting, we shared early cost estimates for running Leios nodes. Here’s a straightforward breakdown of those figures, showing what it might cost to operate Leios compared to the current Praos protocol and the potential revenue from transaction fees.