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Weekly Summary – July 7, 2025

· 3 min read
William Wolff
William Wolff
Architect

This week, the Leios team achieved significant milestones in protocol development and analysis, successfully demonstrating high-throughput capabilities and exploring new protocol variants. The team completed comprehensive experiments with the Stracciatella variant, conducted analytical analysis of Linear Leios throughput efficiency, and implemented new simulation capabilities.

High-throughput demonstration​

  • Successfully completed experiments demonstrating 1,000+ TPS capability with the Stracciatella variant of Leios.
  • Achieved spatial efficiency better than 95% with transaction lifecycle times under two minutes.
  • Validated protocol performance under extreme throughput conditions significantly beyond current Cardano capacity.
  • Documented detailed findings in the Stracciatella analysis notebook.

Protocol variants analysis​

Stracciatella variant​

  • Completed comprehensive analysis of the Stracciatella variant (no IBs, transaction references in EBs, two-stage pipeline).
  • Key findings:
    • 5 slot/stage performs less well but scales better than 8 slot/stage.
    • Only minimal fraction of transactions fail to reach ledger, likely due to EB expiration.
    • Network usage is slightly heavy while CPU usage appears suspiciously light.
    • Congestion appears at 1,000+ TPS throughput levels.

Linear Leios throughput efficiency​

  • Conducted analytical analysis of Linear Leios variant's probability of including certified EBs on-chain.
  • Results show Linear Leios could achieve approximately 500 times the throughput of Praos at over 50% network resource efficiency.
  • 500 times Praos throughput would exceed 1,000 historically typical transactions per second.
  • Generated comprehensive throughput and efficiency visualizations available in the analysis repository.

Throughput of Linear Leios

Throughput efficiency of Linear Leios

CDDL specifications​

  • Added CDDL specifications for Linear and Stracciatella protocol variants.

Simulation improvements​

Rust simulation​

  • Implemented first pass at Linear Leios variant in Rust simulation.
  • Enhanced simulation capabilities for protocol variant testing and analysis.
  • Continued optimization of simulation performance for high-throughput scenarios.

Small transaction experiments​

  • Completed analysis of small-transaction, high-throughput experiments with 300-byte non-Plutus transactions.
  • Key findings:
    • 1,000 tx/s with 300 B/tx is feasible in Leios variants.
    • Clear time vs space tradeoff between variants.
    • full-with-ib-references uses space more efficiently than full-without-ibs.
    • full-without-ibs has shorter transaction lifecycle than full-with-ib-references.
    • 2 CPU cores are sufficient for high-throughput operation.
    • Network usage remains modest under high load.
  • Supporting materials available in analysis documentation and analysis notebook.

Next steps​

  • Continue investigation of protocol variants for CIP convergence.
  • Expand simulation capabilities for additional protocol variants.
  • Refine performance optimization strategies for high-throughput scenarios.
  • Complete documentation of protocol variant comparisons and recommendations.